I. Introduction

1. Background

The stability and growth of a country’s economy hinges on its ability to produce goods and services for both domestic and international use. Labor represents an important factor of production, hence, the improvement of the quality of the labor force, and efforts to make it more productive and responsive to growth are necessary for the development of the economy. A clear knowledge and understanding of the size, composition, and other characteristics of the segment of the population is a big step in this direction. A continuing supply of the data on labor force is indispensable to national and local development planning. The Labor Force Survey (LFS) is a vehicle to gather such data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population with nationwide coverage and conducted on a quarterly and monthly mode by interviewing households. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) implements the LFS.

2. Objectives

The LFS aims to provide a quantitative framework for the preparation of plans, and formulation of policies affecting the labor market. Specifically, the survey is designed to provide statistics on levels and trends of employment, unemployment, and underemployment for the country, as a whole, and for each of the administrative regions.

3. Scope and Coverage

With regions as domain, survey operations for January 2023 LFS ran for 20 days from 09 to 31 January 2023 and covered 44,302 eligible sample households. The January 2023 LFS adopted the updates on the Philippine Standard Geographic Code to include Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) composed of the provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, the City of Cotabato and the 63 barangays from different municipalities of the Province of Cotabato. For comparison with the January 2023 LFS, the estimates for the January 2022 and October 2022 LFS were recomputed to conform with the new configuration of BARMM. Overseas Filipino Workers are not considered part of the labor force in the Philippines. Hence, in the LFS, data on economic characteristics of household members who are overseas workers are not collected. In the LFS report, they are excluded in the estimation of the size of working population, i.e., population aged 15 years and older, and in the estimation of the labor force.

4. Developments in the LFS

The LFS, as in any survey, adopts recent developments in statistical methodology/processes and in the education system. The revisions in the LFS are as follows:

Item	Developments
Population projections	The population projections based on the 2015 Population Census (POPCEN 2015) has been adopted to generate the labor force statistics. For comparability, population projections based on the POPCEN 2015 was likewise used in the October 2019 labor force statistics.
Adoption of the Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC)	Starting April 2012 LFS, the codes for industry adopted the 2009 PSIC. Prior to this, codes for industry used the 1994 PSIC.
Adoption of the Philippine Standard Occupation Classification (PSOC)	The 2012 PSOC was adopted starting April 2016. The 1992 PSOC had been used prior to these rounds.
Adoption of the Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED)	Standard Classification of Education (PSCED) In January 2019, the 2017 Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED) has been adopted. The categories for highest grade completed were also revised considering the K to 12 programs in the education system.
Data Collection	In the April 2017 round of the LFS, Computer Aided Personal Interviewing (CAPI) using Tablet was utilized in the enumeration. Starting April 2020, for the first time, a hybrid approach was used in data collection, a mixed mode of CAPI face-to-face interview, whenever possible, or a telephone interview.
Additional Questions	Question on vocational course was also introduced in the April 2012 LFS questionnaire. Starting April 2020 LFS round, Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ)/Lockdown /COVID-19 pandemic was included in the reasons for working more than 48 hours, lessthan 40 hours, and not looking for work In January 2021 LFS round, the following questions were included: a. working arrangement; b. days worked in the past week; and c. temporary unemployment was included.

II. Concepts and Definitions

1. Reference Period

The reference period for this survey is the “past week” referring to the past seven (7) days preceding the date of visit of the enumerator or the interviewer.

2. Employment Status Concepts

1. Population 15 Years Old and Over

This refers to number of population 15 years old and over excluding overseas workers. Overseas workers are excluded in the estimation of the size of working population (population aged 15 years and over) since the data on their economic characteristics are not collected because they are not considered part of the labor force in the country.

2. In the Labor Force or Economically Active Population

This refers to persons 15 years old and over who are either employed or unemployed in accordance with the definitions described below.

3. Employed

Employed persons include all those who, during the reference period are 15 years old and over as of their last birthday, and are reported either:

1. At work, i.e., those who do any work even for one hour during the reference period for pay or profit, or work without pay on the farm or business enterprise operated by a member of the same household related by blood, marriage, or adoption; or
2. With a job but not at work, i.e., those who have a job or business but are not at work because of temporary illness or injury, vacation, or other reasons. Likewise, persons who expect to report for work or to start operation of a farm or business enterprise within two weeks from the date of the enumerator’s visit are considered employed.

4. Underemployed

Underemployed persons include all employed persons who express the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job, or an additional job, or to have a new job with longer working hours. Visibly underemployed persons are those who work for less than 40 hours during the reference period and want additional hours of work.

5. Unemployed

Starting April 2005, the new unemployment definition was adopted per NSCB Resolution Number 15 dated October 20, 2004. As indicated in the said resolution: Unemployed persons include all those who, during the reference period, are 15 years old and over as of their last birthday, and reported as persons:

1. Without work, i.e., had no job or business during the reference period;
2. Currently available for work, i.e., were available and willing to take up work in paid employment or self-employment during the reference period, and/or would be available and willing to take up work in paid employment or self-employment within two weeks after the interview date; and
3. Seeking work, i.e., had taken specific steps to look for a job or establish a business during the reference period, or

Not seeking work due to the following reasons: (1) fatigued or believed no work available, i.e., discouraged workers; (2) awaiting results of previous job application; (3) temporary illness or disability; (4) bad weather; and/or (5) waiting for rehire or job recall.

6. Persons Not in the Labor Force

Persons 15 years old and over who are neither employed nor unemployed according to the definitions mentioned. Those not in the labor force are persons who are not looking for work because of reasons such as housekeeping, schooling, and permanent disability. Examples are housewives, students, persons with disability, or retired persons.

III. Sampling Design and Estimation Methodology

The LFS, being a household-based survey, uses the 2013 Master Sample (MS) design of which 1 replicate is equivalent to a total of 10,692 secondary sampling units (SSUs) or sample housing units are included as samples. Using a two-stage cluster sampling design, EAs/barangays are selected at the initial sampling stage as the primary sampling units (PSUs), while the housing units within the selected PSUs are selected as the SSUs. Generally, all households within the sample housing unit are also considered as sample households. However, for housing unit with more than three (3) households, a maximum of three (3) sample households are randomly selected.

Sampling Frame

The 2013 MS sampling frame was constructed based on the results of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing. This was refreshed with the 2015 Census of Population results where the EA Reference File (EARF) was used as the PSU frame and the 2015 list of households for each of the PSUs were used as the SSU frame.

Sampling Domain

To provide subnational or provincial level statistics with precise estimates, the 2013 MS has 117 major domains as follows: 81 provinces (including the newly created province Davao Occidental); 33 highly urbanized cities (including 16 cities in the National Capital Region); and 3 other areas (Pateros, Isabela City, and Cotabato City).

Primary Sampling Units

In the 2013 Master Sample Design, each sampling domain (i.e., province/HUC) is divided into exhaustive and non-overlapping area segments known as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) with about 100 to 400 households. Thus, a PSU can be a barangay/Enumeration Area (EA) or a portion of a large barangay, or two or more adjacent small barangays/EAs.

The PSUs are then ordered according to the following: (1) North-South/West-East Geographic location; (2) Decreasing Proportion of HHs with Overseas Worker; and (3) Decreasing Wealth Index.

Replicates

Four replicates are used in all 117 sampling domains. A replicate is composed of ordered list of PSUs. Most of the provinces, that is, 75 out of 81, has six PSUs per replicate while in HUCs, eight PSUs form a replicate. Small domains, namely Batanes, Guimaras, Siquijor, Camiguin, Apayao, and Dinagat Islands have three PSUs per replicate.

Sample Allocation Scheme

A total of four sample replicates are allotted for regional level estimates. However, the total number of sample SSUs is allotted proportionately to the measure of size of the PSU. Thus, a PSU with only 100 HHs has less number of sample HHs than PSUs with 400 HHs but, on the average, there are 12 sample HHs allotted for each PSU in Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) and an average of 16 sample HHs for every PSU in the province. A total national sample of 42,768 sample HHs was allotted for the quarterly rounds of the LFS.

Domain	4 Sample Replicates (Regional Level Estimate)
	Number of Sample PSUs	Number of Sample Housing Units/HHs
75 Province Domain (16 SSUs per PSU)	24	384
6 small provinces (Batanes, Guimaras, Siquijor, Camiguin, Apayao and Dinagat Islands) (16 SSUs per PSU)	12	192
31 HUCs (12 SSUs per PSU)	32	384
2 small HUCs (12 SSUs per PSU) San Juan City Lucena City	12 20	144 240
3 other urban areas (12 SSUs per PSU) Pateros City of Isabela Cotabato City	12 12 20	144 144 240
National	2,940	42,768

Base weight computation

The base weight is computed as the inverse of selection probability.

For housing units with at most 3 households the base weight is computed as

For housing units with more than 3 households the base weight is computed as

Base Weight Adjustment

The base weight is adjusted for unit non-response and further calibrated to conform to the known or projected population count. The projected population count used for January 2023 LFS was January 2023. For unit non-response adjustment (within domain p), the adjustment is computed as:

Where weighted * refers to the base weight.
Applying this to the base weight, we have:

Further calibration is made to conform with known population count by age-sex as follows:

Hence the final weight (calibrated weight is):

Estimation of Totals

• For domain total

The estimate for the population total for a domain (province/HUC) is derived using:

• For the regional total (if domain is below regional)

The estimate for the population total for the region is derived as the sum of the estimated totals of its provinces/HUCs which is given as:

• For the national total

The estimate for the population total at the national level is derived as the sum of the estimated regional totals which is given as:

Estimation of Proportions/Ratios

The estimation of a population proportion or ratio of the formula R = Y/X where Y and X are population totals for variables y and x, respectively, is derived using the formula 

Estimation of Sampling Error

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (total, mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. If the samples are selected using simple random sampling, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the LFS is the result of a multi-stage design, hence it is necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed using statistical programs. These statistical programs use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates of means, proportions, or ratios.

1. Sampling Error for Totals

2. Sampling Error for Proportions or Ratios

The Taylor series linearization method is used to estimate the variance of a proportion or a ratio. Its formula is given as follows:

In the LFS, the 117 province/HUC domains are also treated as natural stratification while the PSUs are treated as clusters.

Data Checking, Coding and Filtering Prior to Estimation of Proportions

Enumeration is a highly complex operation, and it may happen that reported/encoded entries during data collection have some omissions, and implausible/inconsistent entries. Editing is a process meant to correct these errors. During the interview, embedded editing was activated, and errors/inconsistent entries were detected by the program. Editing was also done using Computer Aided Field Editing (CAFE) program after every interviewed household to ensure completeness and consistency of encoded entries. For monitoring of the status of data collection, LFS raw data from the tablet is uploaded to the PSA Central Office server as soon as the interview of a household/EA was completed. Review and verification of the PSOC and PSIC codes and invalid values for LFS data items were done in the provincial office using the LFS Information System (LFS IS). Further processing in the regional office such as ID validation, and completeness check, edit and matching of LFS sample households with the original List from Master Sample (MS) Form 6 were done to ensure that the number of households listed was fully covered. Preliminary and final tabulations of data were done at the PSA Central Office.

IV. Dissemination of Results

The January 2023 LFS preliminary results press release, and the statistical tables are publicly available at the PSA website www.hkdma.com. The final estimates of the January 2023 LFS will be released through the Statistical tables, six months after the data collection.

VI. Contact Information

For technical concerns, you may contact the following PSA focal persons:

WILMA A. GUILLEN
Assistant National Statistician
Social Sector Statistics Service
Sectoral Statistics Office
Philippine Statistics Authority
Email address:
cc:
Telephone: (632) 8376-1883

MECHELLE M. VIERNES
Chief Statistical Specialist
Income and Employment Statistics Division
Social Sector Statistics Service
Sectoral Statistics Office
Philippine Statistics Authority
Email address: psa.iesd.staff@hkdma.com
cc: m.viernes@hkdma.com mailto:
Telephone: (632) 8376-2092

For data requests, you may contact PSA focal person:

SIMONETTE A. NISPEROS
Chief Statistical Specialist
Knowledge Management and Communications Division
Information Technology Statistics Division
Office of the National Statistician
Philippine Statistics Authority
Email address: info@hkdma.com
cc: kmcd.staff@hkdma.com
Telephone: (632) 8462-6600 local 839